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Dutch Language H1

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English uses the adjective Dutch as a noun for the language of the Netherlands and Flanders. The word is derived from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz. The stem of this word, *þeudō, meant "people" in Proto-Germanic, and *-iskaz was an adjective-forming suffix, of which -ish is the Modern English form.

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In Belgium, the Netherlands and Suriname, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands[14][15] (historically Nederlandsch before the Dutch orthographic reforms).[16] Sometimes Vlaams ("Flemish") is used as well to describe Standard Dutch in Flanders, whereas Hollands ("Hollandic") is occasionally used as a colloquial term for the standard language in the central and northwestern parts of the Netherlands.

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paragraph Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. It was spoken by the descendants of the Salian Franks who occupied what is now the southern Netherlands, northern Belgium, part of northern France, and parts of the Lower Rhine regions of Germany.



Large paragraph Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. It was spoken by the descendants of the Salian Franks who occupied what is now the southern Netherlands, northern Belgium, part of northern France, and parts of the Lower Rhine regions of Germany.

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The High German consonant shift, moving over Western Europe from south to west, caused a differentiation with the Central and High Franconian in Germany.

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The latter would as a consequence evolve (along with Alemannic, Bavarian and Lombardic) into Old High German

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At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, moving over Western Europe from west to east, led to the development of Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Old Frisian and Old Saxon.

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Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch probably remained relatively close to the original language of the Franks. However, the language did experience developments of its own, such as very early final-obstruent devoicing.

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a-Pregnanediol
b-Pregnanediol
DHEA-S
Androsterone
Etiocholanolone
Testosterone
5a-DHT
5a-Androstanediol
5b-Androstanediol
Epi-Testosterone
Estrone (E1)
Estradiol (E2)
Estriol (E3 aka 16-OHE2)
2-Hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2)
4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E2)
16-Hydroxyestrone (16-OHE1)
2-Methoxyestrone (2-MeOE1)
2-Hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1)
4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1)
* Cyclemapping and its bundles include 9 targeted estrogen and progesterone measurements.** DHEA-S is also included in the DUTCH Adrenal Panel.

Middle dutch

Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing; during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed.

Modern Dutch

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp

Dialects

Dutch dialects are primarily the dialects that are both related with the Dutch language and are spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language. Although heavily under the influence of the standard language, some of them remain remarkably[citation needed] diverse and are found in the Netherlands and in the Brussels and Flemish regions of Belgium

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Dutch Low Saxon

The Dutch Low Saxon dialect area comprises the provinces of GroningenDrenthe and Overijssel, as well as parts of the provinces of GelderlandFlevolandFriesland and Utrecht. This group, which is not Low Franconian but instead Low Saxon and close to neighbouring Low German, has been elevated by the Netherlands (and by Germany) to the legal status of streektaal (regional language) according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. It is regarded as Dutch for a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (DeventerZwolleKampenZutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area.